Being unaware of being HIV-infected is associated with alcohol use disorders and high-risk sexual behaviors among men who have sex with men in Peru.

This study compared the correlates of HIV risk among men who have sex with men (MSM) with newly diagnosed versus previously known HIV infection among 5,148 MSM recruited using modified snowball sampling in 5 Peruvian cities. Participants, if age ≥18 years and reporting sex with a male in the previous 12 months, underwent standardized computer-assisted risk assessments and HIV and syphilis testing. Overall, 420 (8.2 %) participants tested HIV seropositive, most of whom (89.8 %) were unaware of their HIV status. Compared to those who knew themselves to be HIV-infected, multivariate logistic regression demonstrated that unprotected anal intercourse at last encounter [AOR = 2.84 (95 % CI 1.09-7.40)] and having an alcohol use disorder (AUD) [AOR = 2.14 (95 % CI 1.01-5.54)] were independently associated with a newly diagnosed HIV infection. Being unaware of being HIV-infected was associated with high-risk sexual behaviors and AUDs, both of which are amenable to behavioral and medication-assisted therapy interventions.

A systematic review of alcohol use and sexual risk-taking in Latin America.

OBJECTIVE: To provide an account of published literature on the association between alcohol use and sexual risk-taking, focusing on Latin America. METHODS: A search of MEDLINE, Embase, Web of Science, LILACS, and Cochrane databases identified 561 unique articles. After excluding those that were not directly relevant, 30 studies were retained for review. RESULTS: Twenty-seven studies showed direct or indirect associations between alcohol abuse and unprotected/risky sex. Three studies, however, showed no association between these variables, suggesting that the public health message of safer sex may have been effective. CONCLUSIONS: Further research is needed to identify factors and behaviors that could be modified to reduce the association between alcohol use disorders and risky sexual behavior.

A systematic review of alcohol use and sexual risk-taking in Latin America / Revisión sistemática de la relación entre el consumo de alcohol y la toma de riesgos sexuales en América Latina

OBJECTIVE: To provide an account of published literature on the association between alcohol use and sexual risk-taking, focusing on Latin America. METHODS: A search of MEDLINE, Embase, Web of Science, LILACS, and Cochrane databases identified 561 unique articles. After excluding those that were not directly relevant, 30 studies were retained for review. RESULTS: Twenty-seven studies showed direct or indirect associations between alcohol abuse and unprotected/risky sex. Three studies, however, showed no association between these variables, suggesting that the public health message of safer sex may have been effective. CONCLUSIONS: Further research is needed to identify factors and behaviors that could be modified to reduce the association between alcohol use disorders and risky sexual behavior.

OBJETIVO: Proporcionar una descripción de la bibliografía sobre la asociación entre el consumo de alcohol y la toma de riesgos sexuales, con foco en América Latina. MÉTODOS: Una búsqueda en las bases de datos MEDLINE, Embase, Web of Science, LILACS y Cochrane permitió seleccionar 561 artículos singulares. Tras excluir los que no eran pertinentes, se retuvieron 30 estudios para su análisis. RESULTADOS: Veintisiete estudios revelaron asociaciones directas o indirectas entre el consumo excesivo de alcohol y el sexo sin protección o de riesgo. Sin embargo, tres estudios no mostraron ninguna asociación entre estas variables, lo que sugiere que las recomendaciones de salud pública en pro de una actividad sexual de menor riesgo podrían haber sido eficaces. CONCLUSIONES: Se requiere llevar a cabo nuevas investigaciones para establecer los factores y los comportamientos que podrían ser objeto de modificación para reducir la asociación entre los trastornos por consumo de alcohol y el comportamiento sexual de riesgo.

Screening for drug and alcohol use disorders and their association with HIV-related sexual risk behaviors among men who have sex with men in Peru.

BACKGROUND: Peru's HIV epidemic is concentrated among men who have sex with men (MSM). The contribution of alcohol use disorders (AUDs) to known high-risk behaviors associated with HIV transmission in this context has not been well characterized. METHODS: Between June and October 2011, 5,148 sexually active MSM were recruited using convenience sampling in five cities to participate in a cross-sectional bio-behavioral survey. Five high-risk sexual criteria previously associated with incident HIV infection in this setting were selected a priori as the dependent outcomes. Screening for AUDs used the validated Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT) and AUDS were stratified by severity. Unadjusted and adjusted odds ratios (AOR) were computed to establish the independent correlates of the five dependent outcomes. RESULTS: The majority (62.8%) of participants met screening criteria for having an AUD, which were independently correlated with each of the following high-risk sexual risk behaviors in the previous 6 months: 1) >5 sexual partners [AOR = 1.76; (1.54-2.02)]; 2) sex with an HIV-infected partner [AOR = 1.29; (1.03-1.62)]; 3) having a sexually transmitted infection [AOR = 1.38; (1.13-1.68)]; 4) being a sex worker [AOR = 1.61; (1.40-1.87)]; and 5) unprotected sex during last encounter [AOR = 1.22; (1.09-1.38)]. Recent drug use was also correlated with having >5 sexual partners [AOR = 1.42 (1.19-1.71)], sex work [AOR = 1.97 (1.63-2.39)] and unprotected sex during last encounter [AOR = 1.31 (1.11-1.54)]. For each dependent variable, the association with AUDs significantly increased with increasing AUD severity. CONCLUSIONS: AUDs are highly prevalent among MSM in Peru and are associated with increased HIV risk-taking behaviors that are associated with HIV transmission. Strategies that target problematic drinking such as medication-assisted therapy, behavioral counseling and structural interventions could potentially reduce risky behaviors and ultimately reduce HIV transmission among MSM in Peru.